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Frederick Law Olmsted
Frederick Law Olmsted co-designed New York City's Central Park with Calvert Vaux in 1858, winning the "Greensward Plan" design competition for the park, and the project is widely credited with establishing landscape architecture as a distinct professional discipline in the United States. Olmsted went on to design numerous other significant American parks and campuses, including Prospect Park in Brooklyn, the grounds of the U.S. Capitol, and the master landscape plan for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, reflecting an extraordinarily prolific and geographically wide-ranging career. His design philosophy emphasized creating naturalistic, pastoral landscapes specifically intended to provide urban residents psychological and social relief from increasingly industrialized city environments, a deliberate social mission underlying his aesthetic approach rather than purely ornamental design. Olmsted's combination of his foundational Central Park design and his role establishing landscape architecture as a distinct American profession has made him the figure most universally credited as the father of American landscape architecture.
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Roberto Burle Marx
Roberto Burle Marx became Brazil's most internationally significant landscape architect, designing the famous undulating black-and-white wave-patterned mosaic promenade along Rio de Janeiro's Copacabana Beach in 1970, one of the most photographed pieces of public landscape design in the world. His design work incorporated Brazil's native tropical plant species extensively at a time when many Brazilian gardens still favored imported European plant varieties, and Burle Marx's advocacy significantly influenced broader Brazilian appreciation for using native flora in landscape design. Burle Marx designed the landscaping for numerous major modernist architectural projects, including significant work in Brazil's purpose-built capital city, Brasília, collaborating closely with prominent modernist architects on integrating landscape design directly into large-scale urban planning projects. Roberto Burle Marx's combination of his iconic Copacabana promenade design and his pioneering advocacy for native Brazilian plants in landscape architecture has made him one of the most internationally significant landscape architects of the 20th century.
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