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JCPenney
JCPenney was founded by James Cash Penney in Kemmerer, Wyoming in 1902, originally as a single dry goods store called the Golden Rule, built around a business philosophy explicitly named for treating customers as the founder would want to be treated himself. The chain grew into a major national department store brand known particularly for its middle-market positioning, offering more accessible pricing than higher-end department stores while maintaining a broader merchandise selection than discount retailers. JCPenney's widely publicized and ultimately unsuccessful 2012 attempt to eliminate coupons and sales in favor of simplified "everyday low pricing," led by former Apple retail executive Ron Johnson, became one of the most closely studied retail strategy failures in recent business history after it alienated the chain's price-conscious core customer base. JCPenney's combination of its century-long middle-market department store legacy and its widely studied 2012 pricing-strategy failure has made it one of the most instructive department store chains in American retail history.
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Neiman Marcus
Neiman Marcus was founded in Dallas in 1907 by Herbert Marcus, his sister Carrie Marcus Neiman, and her husband Al Neiman, built from the outset as a purveyor of high-end luxury fashion at a time when most Texas retailers focused on more practical, mass-market goods. The store's annual Christmas Book catalog became famous for its outlandish, ultra-high-priced "fantasy gifts," including items like his-and-hers submarines and private jets, generating significant national media attention each holiday season disproportionate to the catalog's actual sales. Neiman Marcus became closely associated with Texas's specific brand of high-end luxury retail culture, and its stores' emphasis on personal styling services and an elevated, exclusive shopping experience distinguished it from more broadly accessible department store competitors. Neiman Marcus's combination of its luxury-first positioning since its 1907 founding and its famously outlandish annual Christmas Book has made it one of the most distinctive high-end department store chains in the country.
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