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JCPenney
JCPenney was founded by James Cash Penney in Kemmerer, Wyoming in 1902, originally as a single dry goods store called the Golden Rule, built around a business philosophy explicitly named for treating customers as the founder would want to be treated himself. The chain grew into a major national department store brand known particularly for its middle-market positioning, offering more accessible pricing than higher-end department stores while maintaining a broader merchandise selection than discount retailers. JCPenney's widely publicized and ultimately unsuccessful 2012 attempt to eliminate coupons and sales in favor of simplified "everyday low pricing," led by former Apple retail executive Ron Johnson, became one of the most closely studied retail strategy failures in recent business history after it alienated the chain's price-conscious core customer base. JCPenney's combination of its century-long middle-market department store legacy and its widely studied 2012 pricing-strategy failure has made it one of the most instructive department store chains in American retail history.
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Nordstrom
Nordstrom began as a single shoe store, Wallin & Nordstrom, opened in Seattle in 1901 by Swedish immigrant John W. Nordstrom, and it expanded gradually over decades into a full-line department store chain particularly known for an unusually strong customer service reputation. The company's customer service culture became legendary within the retail industry, including a widely circulated (and much-debated in its exact accuracy) story about a Nordstrom store accepting a tire return despite never having sold tires, a story frequently cited in business schools as an example of extreme customer-first policy. Nordstrom Rack, the company's off-price retail division launched in 1973, let the brand extend discounted access to its merchandise to a broader, more price-conscious customer base while preserving its flagship stores' more upscale full-price positioning. Nordstrom's combination of its legendary customer-service reputation and its successful off-price Rack division has made it one of the most respected department store chains in American retail.
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