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Nurse Practitioner
The nurse practitioner role was created in 1965 at the University of Colorado by nursing professor Loretta Ford and physician Henry Silver, developed specifically to expand access to pediatric primary care in underserved communities by training registered nurses to take on advanced diagnostic and treatment responsibilities. Nurse practitioners complete graduate-level training, typically a Master of Science in Nursing or Doctor of Nursing Practice, and the scope of independent practice authority nurse practitioners hold varies significantly by state, with some states granting full independent practice and others requiring physician collaboration agreements. The role has expanded dramatically since its 1965 origins, becoming one of the fastest-growing healthcare professions in the country as healthcare systems increasingly rely on nurse practitioners to help address primary care physician shortages, particularly in rural and underserved areas. The nurse practitioner career's combination of its origin addressing pediatric care access gaps and its dramatic subsequent growth into a primary care workforce cornerstone has made it one of the fastest-growing careers in American healthcare.
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Physician Assistant
The physician assistant profession was created in the mid-1960s at Duke University, developed specifically to help address a shortage of primary care physicians by training military medical corpsmen returning from Vietnam to take on expanded clinical responsibilities under physician supervision. Physician assistants typically complete a rigorous master's-level PA program after a bachelor's degree, and the profession's generalist medical training model, distinct from a nurse practitioner's nursing-based training, lets PAs shift between different medical specialties throughout their careers with comparatively less additional retraining. The role has grown substantially since its origins, driven partly by ongoing physician shortages and by healthcare systems' interest in expanding access to care through appropriately trained, more quickly credentialed clinicians working collaboratively with physicians. The physician assistant career's combination of its origin addressing a specific mid-1960s physician shortage and its distinctive cross-specialty flexibility has made it one of the fastest-growing clinical careers in American medicine.
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